Origin of snake solved

Snakes come from being named Coniophis precedens, have a snake but a lizard's head.

NEW YORK - Scientists have found the fossil of an ancient snake could explain the origin or evolution of snakes. Studies were performed on the fossil was published in the journal Nature.

The study shows, the snake came from the mainland, instead of from the sea as ever predicted. The snake is thought to have evolved from lizards hole diggers who lost his leg.

During this time, the origin of snakes are still being debated. Studies is difficult because of the lack of fossil intermediaries animals (animals that have the characteristics of the serpent and his ancestors).

Fossils of ancient serpent Coniophis precedens newly discovered in eastern Wyoming, United States, could help unravel the mystery. The fossil comes from the period of 65-70 million years ago.

Analysis conducted Nicholas Longrich of Yale University revealed that Coniophis precedens live in wet areas and is incapable of movement in the water. Fauna that can be said to be half snake half lizard.

"This animal is likely to have a small foot," said Longrich as quoted by BBC.

Ancient serpent with a small size and characteristics of the spine categorized as animal burrows digger. This ancient snake's prey is a large soft-bodied fauna.

Other traits, that ancient serpent who do not have a jaw like a snake modern flexible so can not eat prey larger than its body.

"Genesis of Serpentes (snakes biological name) starting from the evolution of the movement, followed by an adaptation that facilitates the activity of eating larger prey which ultimately allows the snake to exploit a wider range of ecological niches," said the researchers in their publications.

Source:  BBC

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The Origins of Mirror in World

The mirror is made ​​of the earliest pieces of shiny stones such as obsidian, a volcanic glass formed naturally. Obsidian mirrors found in Anatolia (now Turkey), from around 6000 BC. Polished stone mirrors from Central and South America from about 2000 SM.Cermin of shiny copper have been made in Mesopotamia in 4000 BC, and in ancient Egypt in 3000 BC. In China, bronze mirrors were made in 2000 BC.

Metal-coated glass mirror invented in Sidon (now Lebanon) in the first century AD, and the back of the mirror glass with gold leaf mentioned by the author of the Roman named Pliny in his book Natural History, which was composed around the year 77 AD The Romans also developed a technique of creating a rough mirror of glass blowing are coated with molten tin.

Reflective parabolic mirror was first described by the physicist Ibn Sahl of Arab named in the 10th century. Ibn al-Haytham discussed concave and convex mirrors in spherical geometry and tube, do some experiments with mirrors, and solve the problems of finding the point on a convex mirror at which a ray coming from one point is reflected to another point. the 11th century, clear glass mirrors were produced in Al-Andalus.

In the early Renaissance, European manufacturers perfected a superior method of coating glass with a tin-mercury amalgam. The exact date and location of the discovery is unknown, but in the 16th century, Venice, a city known for its expertise making glass, a mirror production center by using this technique. Glass mirrors from this period were extremely expensive luxuries.

Justus Liebig discovered glass mirror in 1835. The process involves the deposition of a layer of metallic silver onto glass through the chemical reduction of silver nitrate. The process of coating glass with a reflective substance (silvering) is adapted to mass produce mirrors. Nowadays, mirrors are often produced by the vacuum deposition of aluminum (or sometimes silver) directly onto the glass substrate.

The mirror was originally made ​​of shiny metal strip or sheet, usually silver or copper metal are reflected back when the shadow is to be seen but also from other metals if only used to focus light.

Most moden mirrors consist of a thin layer of aluminum coated with glass pieces. This mirror is called "old rear" (back silvered), in which the surface bounces seen through shattered glass. Mirror with glass coating made ​​resistant mirror, but the mirror because it reduces the quality of the mirror surface is usually added. Such mirror reverses about 80% of the incoming light. "The back of the 'mirror is often painted completely black to protect the metal from erosion.

Telescopes and other optical equipment which uses mirrors "old future" (front silvered), where the reflecting surface is placed on the surface of the glass, which gives a better quality of the shadow. Sometimes silver is used, but mostly uses aluminum mirrors, which reflect shortwave better of silver.

Old mirror reflects 90% front and 95% of the light comes.

Because of rusted metal in the presence of oxygen and moisture, the presence of old mirror surface needs to be replaced over and over to maintain quality. Another way is, of course, use the vacuum to put this mirror.

(various source)   

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