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| Conquest of North Africa (647 AD-709 AD) is an important and historic events during his reign. Governor of Egypt at that time, Amr Ibn Ash, was disturbed by Roman rule in North Africa. Therefore, Amr Ibn Ash deployed troops under the command of General Uqbah to conquer the North African region. |
Astronomy exploration evolve with the needs of Muslims in many parts of the world. Because astronomy useful for navigation in an effort to reach out to countries far from the Islamic empire. Thus, astronomy helped develop Islamic preaching mission also strengthen the development of human knowledge. In the process of reaching the two missions, the Muslims often have to deal with enemy forces facing.
So it takes a strong army with sufficient knowledge of astrology are qualified. In the decade since the conquest of Egypt, Muslims are dealing with Byzantium (Roman Empire). In competition, the Muslims managed to control the eastern Mediterranean, namely Cyprus about the year 30 AH (649 AD), and Rhodes in the year 52 AH (672 AD).
At that time, the Roman Empire had a great naval fleet and strong in the Mediterranean. They became one of the strongest military power in the world in his day. Thus, Muslims think of how to fight naval invincible. Since then formed the Muslim naval fleet. Here the navigation is needed to guide the way to the places they want to go.
So it takes a strong army with sufficient knowledge of astrology are qualified. In the decade since the conquest of Egypt, Muslims are dealing with Byzantium (Roman Empire). In competition, the Muslims managed to control the eastern Mediterranean, namely Cyprus about the year 30 AH (649 AD), and Rhodes in the year 52 AH (672 AD).
At that time, the Roman Empire had a great naval fleet and strong in the Mediterranean. They became one of the strongest military power in the world in his day. Thus, Muslims think of how to fight naval invincible. Since then formed the Muslim naval fleet. Here the navigation is needed to guide the way to the places they want to go.
Muslims believe, the more conscientious a navigator to determine his position in the middle of the sea, by the circulation of the sun, moon, or stars, the higher the accuracy of the calculation of the time and place designated. Thus, the logistical preparations for a trip can be done in a more mature.
There are rules reads Ma laa yatimmul waajib illaa bihi, fahuwa compulsory (what is absolutely necessary to perfect any obligation, obligatory anyway). These rules serve as guidelines for Muslims in preparing war against the Roman emperor at the time.
They began to learn the techniques of shipbuilding, astronomy and navigation with compass, and gunpowder. "The Arabs responded very quickly to the need for a strong navy to defend and unify his territory," said Ahmad Y. Al-Hassan and Donald R Hill in his Islamic Technology: An Illustrated History.
During the reign of Bani Ummayads, Caliph Mu'awiya (602M-680M) trying to restore the territorial integrity of Islam. After successfully securing the domestic situation, Mu'awiya immediately deploy troops to expansion territory.
Conquest of North Africa (647 AD-709 AD) is an important and historic events during his reign. Governor of Egypt at that time, Amr Ibn Ash, was disturbed by Roman rule in North Africa. Therefore, Amr Ibn Ash deployed troops under the command of General Uqbah to conquer the North African region.
There are rules reads Ma laa yatimmul waajib illaa bihi, fahuwa compulsory (what is absolutely necessary to perfect any obligation, obligatory anyway). These rules serve as guidelines for Muslims in preparing war against the Roman emperor at the time.
They began to learn the techniques of shipbuilding, astronomy and navigation with compass, and gunpowder. "The Arabs responded very quickly to the need for a strong navy to defend and unify his territory," said Ahmad Y. Al-Hassan and Donald R Hill in his Islamic Technology: An Illustrated History.
During the reign of Bani Ummayads, Caliph Mu'awiya (602M-680M) trying to restore the territorial integrity of Islam. After successfully securing the domestic situation, Mu'awiya immediately deploy troops to expansion territory.
Conquest of North Africa (647 AD-709 AD) is an important and historic events during his reign. Governor of Egypt at that time, Amr Ibn Ash, was disturbed by Roman rule in North Africa. Therefore, Amr Ibn Ash deployed troops under the command of General Uqbah to conquer the North African region.
Uqbah forces finally managed to master Kairowan down to the southern part of Tunisia. Caliph Mu'awiya then build a fort to protect the city from attack forces Berber Kairowan and made the city the capital of the province Kairowan North Africa.
Mu'awiyah listed as the founder of the Islamic navy. He served as governor of Syria, when the Islamic Caliphate led by Rashid third caliph, Ustman bin Affan. During that time Mu'awiyah has had fifty formidable fleet. Naval forces finally managed to conquer Cyprus (649 M), Rhodes (672 M), and other islands around Asia Minor.
With the conquest of North Africa (647 AD-709 AD) and Spain (705-715 AD), approximately 40 years later, the naval fleet across the Mediterranean Islam emerged as the most powerful and invincible until the next two centuries. Expeditionary force from North Africa occupied Sicily in the year 211 H (837 AD). The navy was to go to the coast of Italy and Southern France.
Mu'awiyah listed as the founder of the Islamic navy. He served as governor of Syria, when the Islamic Caliphate led by Rashid third caliph, Ustman bin Affan. During that time Mu'awiyah has had fifty formidable fleet. Naval forces finally managed to conquer Cyprus (649 M), Rhodes (672 M), and other islands around Asia Minor.
With the conquest of North Africa (647 AD-709 AD) and Spain (705-715 AD), approximately 40 years later, the naval fleet across the Mediterranean Islam emerged as the most powerful and invincible until the next two centuries. Expeditionary force from North Africa occupied Sicily in the year 211 H (837 AD). The navy was to go to the coast of Italy and Southern France.
Turkish navy Ustmani
Later centuries later, the Sultanate Ustmani (Ottoman) was also able to beat the power of the Roman emperor. They managed to subdue Constantinople (the capital of the Byzantine Empire) in 1453. Since then, the government began developing Ustmani Istanbul (city of Islam) became a shipping center.
In fact, Sultan Muhammad II was set in the Golden Horn ocean as the center of the maritime industry and armory. He also raised the naval commander, Hamza Pasha, to build industrial and marine armory.
Sultanate Ustmani also make a ship in Gallipoli Maritime Arsenal. Gedik Ahmed Pasha with the command (in 1480 AD), the Sultanate Ustmani strengthen maritime power base in Istanbul. So no wonder, if the marines Turkey dominated the Black Sea and master Otranto.
In the reign of Sultan Salim I (1512 AD-1520 AD), the Sultanate of Turkey Ustmani modify weapons maritime center in Istanbul. Salim I ambition to create a strong state, strong on land and sea. He was determined to have a great navy and strong to dominate the seas.
In addition to developing weapons center Maritime Istanbul, Sultan Salim I also ordered to make some large ships. A few years later, the ship 150 units completed. With tremendous power, Sultan Salim I once said, "If the Scorpions (the Christians) took the sea with the ship, if the flag is the Pope and the kings of France and Spain fluttering Trace Coast, it was solely because of our tolerance."
By having the largest fleet of ships in the world in the 16th century AD, Turkey Ustmani has mastered the Mediterranean Sea, the Black Sea, and Indian Ocean. Not surprisingly, when the then Turkish Ustmani often referred to as monarchy based on the ship. Ambitions of Sultan Salim I mastered the oceans finally reached.
In fact, Sultan Salim I returning from Egypt, he thought again of the importance of building strength in the ocean is more powerful. Previously, the power Ustmani Turkey has mastered an important port in the Eastern Mediterranean, such as Syrians and Egyptians. The idea of Sultan Salim I was further developed by subsequent sultans. Thanks to his prowess, Turkey Ustmani had become a respected superpower nations of the world, both on land and at sea.
Knowing the Type of Warship
As the development of navigation technologies, shipbuilding technology is growing rapidly in the world of Islam. Shipbuilding technology is the world's largest industrial power in the Middle Ages. At that time, Muslims have so many ports are crowded and congested.
And along the coastal cities of Islam many standing centers of manufacture and assembly of ships. Every Muslim country creating ship models and different types. In addition to making ships for the purpose of trade, in that era the Muslims are also heavily made warships.
Warships built to strengthen the defense of the territory of the Islamic caliphate in the ocean. Thus, when the Islamic caliphate was not only tough on the ground, but also strong in the ocean. It is so hard to beat. Warship designed more streamlined and controlled by the screen or paddle. Meanwhile, commercial boats are built with sufficient width.
The draft as it was deliberately made so that ships can carry goods in large quantities. At that time, most large warships capable of accommodating about 1,500 troops. Whereas a large merchant ship can accommodate 1,000 tons of goods.
As the development of navigation technologies, shipbuilding technology is growing rapidly in the world of Islam. Shipbuilding technology is the world's largest industrial power in the Middle Ages. At that time, Muslims have so many ports are crowded and congested.
And along the coastal cities of Islam many standing centers of manufacture and assembly of ships. Every Muslim country creating ship models and different types. In addition to making ships for the purpose of trade, in that era the Muslims are also heavily made warships.
Warships built to strengthen the defense of the territory of the Islamic caliphate in the ocean. Thus, when the Islamic caliphate was not only tough on the ground, but also strong in the ocean. It is so hard to beat. Warship designed more streamlined and controlled by the screen or paddle. Meanwhile, commercial boats are built with sufficient width.
The draft as it was deliberately made so that ships can carry goods in large quantities. At that time, most large warships capable of accommodating about 1,500 troops. Whereas a large merchant ship can accommodate 1,000 tons of goods.
According to Al-Hasan and Hill, originally warships were made in Egypt and Syria by experts shipbuilders bully. Construction of the ship is the same as the ships made by the Byzantine navy. "The sailors were recruited from the local population, but the soldiers in charge of them are Arabs," said Al-Hassan and Hill.
Over time, the shipping world is moving forward. Even shipbuilding and naval equipment overall effort into the eyes of the Muslims at the time. As a result, the Muslims became proficient in both branches of expertise related to marine it. They recorded made some important progress. Large ships capable they produce. Even those designing large warships such as shini, large vessels (galley) powered by 143 oars.
In the year 326 H (972 AD), said al-Hassan and Hill, Caliph of Allah Din Mu'izz Fatimids dynasty ruling the manufacture of 600 ships at the shipyard Maqs in Egypt. One of the other big ships buttasa type, a sailing ship that can hold as many as 40 screens. "One of the ships of this type make a record with the ability to accommodate 1,500 people, including crew and soldiers," said Al-Hasaan and Hill.
Over time, the shipping world is moving forward. Even shipbuilding and naval equipment overall effort into the eyes of the Muslims at the time. As a result, the Muslims became proficient in both branches of expertise related to marine it. They recorded made some important progress. Large ships capable they produce. Even those designing large warships such as shini, large vessels (galley) powered by 143 oars.
In the year 326 H (972 AD), said al-Hassan and Hill, Caliph of Allah Din Mu'izz Fatimids dynasty ruling the manufacture of 600 ships at the shipyard Maqs in Egypt. One of the other big ships buttasa type, a sailing ship that can hold as many as 40 screens. "One of the ships of this type make a record with the ability to accommodate 1,500 people, including crew and soldiers," said Al-Hasaan and Hill.
The other vessel types is Ghurab (literally means crow). Probably so named by the form of the bow of the ship. The other type is shallandi ship, ships with a wide deck that used to carry cargo. Two names ship to Europe, even into the vocabulary of European languages and turned into corvett and Challand.
Muslims are also able to make the ship type qurqura (the Latin hunting), namely Cyprus ships are great for carrying fleet needs. They also created some small boats designed for specific purposes, such as ships for the supply of goods and weapons, ship for ship to shore communications, reconnaissance ship, and ship to a Princess and capture the enemy. "Most of the boats were rowed, but shubbak (Mediterranean fishing boat) in addition to having the oars is also equipped with a screen," said Al-Hassan and Hill.
Type of larger ships could be used to bring the shooter missions and machinery to remove explosives and also to bring the skilled crew. As technology has not advanced shipbuilding, naval battles took place in the distance. But in its development, all vessels equipped grappling hook to close the outskirts of the enemy ship's hull, so a lot of the battle is ultimately determined by the face-to-face fight between the crew and sailors who were fighting.
Muslims are also able to make the ship type qurqura (the Latin hunting), namely Cyprus ships are great for carrying fleet needs. They also created some small boats designed for specific purposes, such as ships for the supply of goods and weapons, ship for ship to shore communications, reconnaissance ship, and ship to a Princess and capture the enemy. "Most of the boats were rowed, but shubbak (Mediterranean fishing boat) in addition to having the oars is also equipped with a screen," said Al-Hassan and Hill.
Type of larger ships could be used to bring the shooter missions and machinery to remove explosives and also to bring the skilled crew. As technology has not advanced shipbuilding, naval battles took place in the distance. But in its development, all vessels equipped grappling hook to close the outskirts of the enemy ship's hull, so a lot of the battle is ultimately determined by the face-to-face fight between the crew and sailors who were fighting.
(various source)
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